He huānga matū te Hīriama, ko tōna tohu He me te tau ngota 2. He hau onge tēnei i te āhuarangi, kāore he tae, kāore he reka, kāore he paitini, kāore e mura, he iti noa te wairewa i roto i te wai. Ko te kukū o te Hīriama i te āhuarangi he 5.24 x 10-4 mā te ōrau rōrahi. Koia te iti rawa o ngā pūwāhi kohua me ngā pūwāhi rewa o tētahi huānga, ā, kei te noho noa hei hau, engari i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino makariri.

Ko te nuinga o te wā ka haria te hīriama hei hīriama hau, hei hīriama wai rānei, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tauhohenga karihi, ngā haurua-ira, ngā taiaho, ngā pūangi rama, te kawe hiko nui, ngā taputapu, ngā haurua-ira me ngā muka whatu, te cryogenic, te MRI me te rangahau taiwhanga R&D.

Te Pūtake Matao o te Mahana Iti

Ka whakamahia te Hīriama hei whakamatao cryogenic mō ngā pūtake whakamatao cryogenic, pērā i te whakaahua aukume (MRI), te ine aukume karihi (NMR), te whakateretere matūriki irahiko superconducting, te large hadron collider, te interferometer (SQUID), te ine hurihuri irahiko (ESR) me te rokiroki pūngao aukume superconducting (SMES), ngā whakaputa aukume MHD superconducting, te pūoko superconducting, te tuku hiko, te kawe maglev, te ine papatipu, te aukume superconducting, ngā wehewehe mara aukume kaha, ngā aukume superconducting mara annular mō ngā tauhohenga hanumi me ētahi atu rangahau cryogenic. Ka whakamatao te Hīriama i ngā rauemi superconducting cryogenic me ngā aukume ki te tata ki te kore tino, ā, i taua wā ka heke ohorere te ātete o te superconductor ki te kore. Ko te ātete tino iti o te superconductor ka hanga he mara aukume kaha ake. Mō ngā taputapu MRI e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hōhipera, ka nui ake ngā taipitopito o ngā mara aukume kaha ake i roto i ngā whakaahua radiographic.

E whakamahia ana te hīriama hei whakamatao nui nā te mea ko te hīriama te mea iti rawa te pūwāhi rewa me te pūwāhi kohua, kāore e totoka i te pēhanga hau me te 0 K, ā, he koretake te matū o te hīriama, ā, he tata kore e taea te tauhohe ki ētahi atu matū. Hei tāpiri, ka huri te hīriama hei wai nui i raro i te 2.2 Kelvin. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, kāore anō kia whakamahia te kaha-ā-unoa ahurei i roto i tētahi tono ahumahi. I ngā pāmahana i raro i te 17 Kelvin, kāore he whakakapi mō te hīriama hei whakamatao i roto i te pūtake cryogenic.

Te Rererangi me te Ao Tūroa

Ka whakamahia hoki te heriuma i roto i ngā poihau me ngā waka rererangi. Nā te mea he mama ake te heriuma i te hau, ka whakakīia ngā waka rererangi me ngā poihau ki te heriuma. Ko te painga o te heriuma he kore e mura, ahakoa he pai ake te hauwai ki te pupuhi, ā, he iti ake te tere mawhiti mai i te kiriuhi. Ko tētahi atu whakamahinga tuarua ko te hangarau rōkete, e whakamahia ana te heriuma hei reo ngaro hei neke i te wahie me te waikura i roto i ngā tāke rokiroki me te whakapūmau i te hauwai me te hāora hei hanga wahie rōkete. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei tango i te wahie me te waikura mai i ngā taputapu tautoko whenua i mua i te whakarewatanga, ā, ka taea te whakamatao i te hauwai wai i roto i te waka mokowhiti. I roto i te rōkete Saturn V i whakamahia i roto i te kaupapa Apollo, tata ki te 370,000 mita kūpiko (13 miriona putu kūpiko) o te heriuma i hiahiatia hei whakarewatanga.

Te Kimi me te Tātari i ngā Rerenga o te Paipa

Ko tētahi atu whakamahinga ahumahi o te hīriama ko te kimi turuturu. Ka whakamahia te kimi turuturu hei kimi turuturu i roto i ngā pūnaha kei roto ngā wai me ngā hau. Nā te mea e toru ngā wā tere ake te horapa o te hīriama i roto i ngā totoka i te hau, ka whakamahia hei hau whai i ngā turuturu ki ngā taputapu korehau-nui (pērā i ngā tāke cryogenic) me ngā oko pēhanga-teitei. Ka whakanohoia te mea ki roto i tētahi rūma, ka tangohia atu, ka whakakīia ki te hīriama. Ahakoa i ngā tere turuturu iti iho i te 10-9 mbar•L/s (10-10 Pa•m3 / s), ka taea te kimi i te hīriama e puta ana i roto i te turuturu e tētahi taputapu tairongo (he ine papatipu hīriama). Ko te tikanga ine he mea aunoa, ā, e kiia ana ko te whakamātautau whakauru hīriama. Ko tētahi atu tikanga māmā ake ko te whakakī i te mea e pā ana ki te hīriama me te rapu ā-ringa mō ngā turuturu mā te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu ringaringa.

E whakamahia ana te hīriama hei kimi turuturu nā te mea ko ia te ngota iti rawa, ā, he ngota monoatomic, nō reira ka ngāwari te turuturu o te hīriama. Ka whakakīia te hau hīriama ki roto i te mea i te wā e kimi turuturu ana, ā, ki te puta he turuturu, ka taea e te ine papatipu hīriama te kimi i te wāhi o te turuturu. Ka taea te whakamahi i te hīriama hei kimi turuturu i roto i ngā rōkete, ngā tāke wahie, ngā whakawhiti wera, ngā raina hau, ngā hikohiko, ngā ngongo POUAKA WHAKAATA me ētahi atu wāhanga hanga. I whakamahia tuatahitia te kimi turuturu mā te whakamahi i te hīriama i te wā o te kaupapa Manhattan hei kimi turuturu i ngā tipu whakarei uranium. Ka taea te whakakapi i te hīriama kimi turuturu ki te hauwai, te hauota, te ranunga rānei o te hauwai me te hauota.

Te Whakarewa me te Mahi Whakarewa

Ka whakamahia te hau helium hei hau tiaki i roto i te whakarewa āwhata me te whakarewa āwhata plasma nā te mea he nui ake tōna kaha pūmanawa ionization i ērā atu ngota. Ka ārai te hau helium huri noa i te whakarewa i te waikura i roto i te āhua rewa. Mā te kaha kaha ionization teitei o te helium ka taea te whakarewa āwhata plasma o ngā konganuku rerekē e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanganga, te hanga kaipuke, me te rererangi, pērā i te titanium, te zirconium, te konupora, me ngā koranu konumohe. Ahakoa ka taea te whakakapi i te helium i roto i te hau tiaki ki te argon, te hauwai rānei, kāore e taea te whakakapi i ētahi rauemi (pērā i te helium titanium) mō te whakarewa āwhata plasma. Nā te mea ko te helium anake te hau e haumaru ana i ngā pāmahana teitei.

Ko tētahi o ngā wāhanga whanaketanga tino kaha ko te whakarewa maitai kore waikura. He hau koretake te hīriama, arā, kāore e pāngia e ngā tauhohenga matū ina pāngia e ētahi atu matū. He mea nui tēnei āhuatanga i roto i ngā hau tiaki whakarewa.

He pai hoki te kawe wera o te heriuma. Koia te take e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mahi whakarewa ina hiahiatia he wera nui ake hei whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te whakarewa. He pai hoki te heriuma mō te tere haere.

I te nuinga o te wā ka konatunatua te hīriama ki te ākono i roto i ngā rahinga rerekē i roto i te ranunga hau tiaki hei whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga pai o ngā hau e rua. Hei tauira, he hau tiaki te hīriama hei āwhina i te whakarato i ngā momo urunga whānui ake, papaku ake hoki i te wā e whakarewahia ana. Engari kāore te hīriama e whakarato i te horoi e mahia ana e te ākono.

Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka whakaarohia e ngā kaihanga whakarewa te whakaranu i te argon me te heriuma hei wāhanga o tā rātou tukanga mahi. Mō te whakarewa pewa whakarewa kua āraia e te hau, ka taea e te heriuma te whakauru i te 25% ki te 75% o te ranunga hau i roto i te ranunga heriuma/argon. Mā te whakarerekē i te hanganga o te ranunga hau tiaki, ka taea e te kaiwhakarewa te awe i te tohatoha wera o te whakarewa, ka pā ki te āhua o te wāhanga whakawhiti o te whakarewa whakarewa me te tere whakarewa.

Ahumahi Ārahi Hiko

He hau koretake te heriuma, ā, he tino pumau, kāore e tauhohe ki ētahi atu huānga. Nā tēnei āhuatanga ka whakamahia hei whakangungu rakau i roto i te whakarewa pewa (hei ārai i te poke o te hāora i te rangi). He maha atu anō ngā whakamahinga nui o te heriuma, pērā i te hanga i ngā haurua-ira me te muka whatu. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ia te whakakapi i te hauota i roto i te ruku hohonu hei ārai i te hanganga o ngā mirumiru hauota i roto i te toto, ā, ka ārai i te mate ruku.

Te nui o ngā hokonga o te Hīriamu o te ao (2016-2027)

I eke te mākete hēriuma o te ao ki te $1825.37 miriona i te tau 2020, ā, e matapaetia ana ka eke ki te $2742.04 miriona i te tau 2027, me te tere tipu ā-tau (CAGR) o te 5.65% (2021-2027). He nui te āwangawanga o te umanga i ngā tau e haere ake nei. Ko ngā raraunga matapae mō te tau 2021-2027 i roto i tēnei pepa i ahu mai i ngā whanaketanga hītori o ngā tau kua hipa, ngā whakaaro o ngā tohunga umanga me ngā whakaaro o ngā kaitātari i roto i tēnei pepa.

He tino nui te kukū o te umanga hīriama, he mea ahu mai i ngā rauemi taiao, ā, he iti noa iho ngā kaihanga o te ao, ko te nuinga kei te Hononga o Amerika, Rūhia, Qatar me Algeria. I te ao whānui, ko te rāngai kaihoko kei te Hononga o Amerika, Haina, me Ūropi me ērā atu. He roa te hītori o te Hononga o Amerika, ā, he tūnga pumau tōna i roto i te umanga.

He maha ngā wheketere a ngā kamupene, engari kāore i te tata ki ngā mākete kaihoko e hiahiatia ana. Nō reira, he nui te utu mō te kawe i te hua.

Mai i ngā tau tuatahi e rima, kua tino puhoi te tipu o te hanga. He puna pūngao kore e taea te whakahou te hīriama, ā, kua whakatinanahia ngā kaupapa here i roto i ngā whenua whakaputa hei whakarite kia whakamahia tonutia. E matapaetia ana e ētahi ka pau te hīriama ā muri ake nei.

He nui te ōwehenga o ngā kawemai me ngā kaweake i tēnei umanga. E whakamahi ana te nuinga o ngā whenua i te hīriama, engari he torutoru noa iho kei a rātou ngā rahui hīriama.

He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o te hīriama, ā, ka nui haere ngā mara e wātea ana. Nā te iti o ngā rauemi taiao, tera pea ka piki ake te hiahia mō te hīriama a muri ake nei, me rapu huarahi kē atu. E matapaetia ana ka piki tonu ngā utu o te hīriama mai i te tau 2021 ki te tau 2026, mai i te $13.53 / m3 (2020) ki te $19.09 / m3 (2027).

E pāngia ana te umanga e te ōhanga me ngā kaupapa here. I te whakaoranga o te ōhanga o te ao, ka nui haere te hunga e āwangawanga ana mō te whakapai ake i ngā paerewa taiao, inā koa i ngā rohe kāore i te tino whanake he nui te taupori me te tere o te tipu ōhanga, ka piki ake te hiahia mō te hēriuma.

I tēnei wā, ko ngā kaihanga nui o te ao ko Rasgas, Linde Group, Air Chemical, ExxonMobil, Air Liquide (Dz) me Gazprom (Ru), me ētahi atu. I te tau 2020, ka neke atu i te 74% te wāhanga hoko o ngā kaihanga Top 6. E matapaetia ana ka kaha ake te whakataetae i roto i te umanga i ngā tau torutoru e whai ake nei.

Taputapu Cryogenic HL

Nā te iti o ngā rauemi hīriama wai me te pikinga o te utu, he mea nui kia whakaitihia te ngaronga me te whakaora anō o te hīriama wai i roto i tōna whakamahinga me te tukanga kawe.

I whakatūria a HL Cryogenic Equipment i te tau 1992, ā, he waitohu hono ki te HL Cryogenic Equipment Company Cryogenic Equipment Co.,Ltd. E whakapau kaha ana a HL Cryogenic Equipment ki te hoahoa me te hanga i te Pūnaha Paipa Cryogenic Ārai Korehau Teitei me ngā Taputapu Tautoko e pā ana ki tēnā hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā kiritaki. He mea hanga te Paipa Ārai Korehau me te Ngongo Ngāwari ki ngā rauemi ārai motuhake ārai korehau teitei me te maha-paparanga maha-mata, ā, ka tukuna mā roto i te raupapa o ngā maimoatanga hangarau tino pakari me te maimoatanga korehau teitei, e whakamahia ana mō te whakawhiti i te hāora wai, te hauota wai, te hauhā wai, te hauwai wai, te hēriuma wai, te hau ethylene wairewa LEG me te hau taiao wairewa LNG.

Ko ngā hua o te Paipa Korehau, te Ngongo Korehau, te Takirere Korehau, me te Wehewehe Wāhanga i roto i te HL Cryogenic Equipment Company, i paahitia e te raupapa o ngā maimoatanga hangarau tino pakari, e whakamahia ana mō te whakawhiti i te hāora wai, te hauota wai, te hauhā wai, te hauwai wai, te hīriama wai, te waewae me te LNG, ā, ka whakamahia ēnei hua mō ngā taputapu cryogenic (hei tauira, ngā tāke cryogenic, ngā dewars me ngā pouaka makariri me ētahi atu) i roto i ngā ahumahi wehenga hau, hau, rererangi, hikohiko, superconductor, maramara, huihuinga aunoa, kai me te inu, rongoā, hōhipera, biobank, rapa, hanga rauemi hou miihini matū, rino me te maitai, me te rangahau pūtaiao me ētahi atu.

Kua noho a HL Cryogenic Equipment Company hei kaiwhakarato/kaihoko whai mana mō Linde, Air Liquide, Air Products (AP), Praxair, Messer, BOC, Iwatani, me Hangzhou Oxygen Plant Group (Hangyang) me ētahi atu.