I roto i ngā pūnaha whakawhiti cryogenic, ko te utu hoko tuatahi he wāhanga noa iho o te whārite. Mō ngā tāutanga poto me te māmā, he otinga whai hua tonu te whakamahana tikanga. Heoi, i roto i te mahi ahumahi tonu, inā koa mō te LNG, te hauota wai, te argon, te hauwai rānei, ko ngā mate mahi me ngā whakaritenga tiaki ka nui ake te hiranga i te utu taputapu taketake.

I runga i ngā tono mara kua kitea e mātou i ngā tau, ko te tikanga ka whakahokia mai e ngā pūnaha whakamahana korehau te haumitanga nui ake i roto i te 1.5 ki te 2 tau pea, i runga i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere, te uara hua, me te roa o te paipa.

He aha i rerekē ai te mahi whakamahana tuku iho i roto i te wā

Ka taea e ngā rauemi whakamahana kiripaka tuku iho pērā i te pahuka polyurethane, te karāhe pūtau, te perlite rānei te whakarato i te mahi wera e tika ana ina hou. Ko te kawe wera noa kei roto i te awhe 0.015–0.030 W/m·K i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino pai.

Ko te wero, he onge te mahi a ngā pūnaha cryogenic i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino pai mō ngā wā roa.

I ngā taiao haukū, he uaua ki te karo katoa i te urunga mai o te makuku. Tērā pea ka tau te perlite i roto i te wā, ā, ka pāngia te whakamahana pahuka e te koroheketanga, te pēhanga, te kino rānei o te miihini i te wā e whakamahia ana me te tiaki. I ētahi whakamahinga, ka tino heke te mahi wera i muri i ētahi tau o te mahi.

Mō ngā raina whakawhiti hauota wai, LNG rānei, ahakoa he iti noa te pikinga o te turuturu wera ka taea te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga kohu. I ngā tawhiti whakawhiti roa, ka pā tika tēnei ki te ngaronga o te hua me te whai huatanga o te pūnaha.

Ko te tiaki tētahi atu āhuatanga kāore e arohia ana i ētahi wā i te wā hoko. Kia mākū, kia pakaru rānei te whakamahana, he nui te mahi hei mahi whakatika, inā koa mō ngā whakaurunga o waho, ngā whata paipa rānei i roto i ngā whare whakahaere.

Ngā painga o te mahi wera o te whakamarumaru korehau

Ngā paipa whakamahana korehauHe rerekē te kaupapa o te mahi. Mā te tango i te wāhi porowhita ki te taumata korehau teitei, ka whakaitihia te kawe me te whakawhiti hau ki ngā taumata tino iti. Ko te irahiko te tikanga whakawhiti wera matua e toe ana, ka whakaitihia mā te hoahoa whakamarumaru paparanga maha.

I raro i ngā āhuatanga korehau pumau, ka noho tonu te kawe wera whai hua i te awhe tata ki te 0.0005–0.002 W/m·K, i runga i te whirihoranga pūnaha me te pāmahana whakahaere.

I roto i te mahi, ka taea e tēnei whakaiti i te turuturu wera te whai pānga nui ki ngā ngaronga kohua. Hei tauira, i roto i tētahi tono hau ahumahi e uru ana ki te whakawhiti hauhā wai, i tino heke te kohua i muri i te whakakapinga o ngā paipa whakamahana tikanga ki tētahi pūnaha whakamahana korehau. Ko ngā penapena tuturu e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tere rere, te huringa mahi, ngā āhuatanga taiao, me te tawhiti whakawhiti.

He mea nui te pumau o te korehau mō te wā roa

Ko tētahi mea nui e warewarehia ana, ko te noho pumau tonu o te kounga o te korehau i roto i te wā.

Tērā pea ka heke haere te mahi a ngā pūnaha korehau pūmau nā te putanga mai o te hau, te urunga mai o te hiri, te iti rānei o ngā turuturu i kohia i roto i ngā tau maha o te mahi. He puhoi te pānga i te nuinga o te wā, engari i roto i te ratonga roa tonu ka whai tikanga.

Hei whakatika i tēnei, ka taea te whakauru i tētahi pūnaha ki roto i tā mātouPūnaha Papu Korehau Hihiri, e tango ana i ngā hau kāore e taea te whakapūtā i te wāhi porowhita i ia wā, ā, e āwhina ana ki te pupuri i te mahi korehau i te wā e whakamahia ana.

He tino whai hua tēnei huarahi mō ngā hanganga LNG nui, ngā whakaurunga haurua-haurua, me ngā tono me ngā huringa mahi tonu e tino hira ana te pumau o te wera mō te wā roa.

I roto i tētahi whare haurua-haurua i Āhia, i noho tonu te taumata korehau i raro i te 5×10⁻⁵ mbar i muri i ētahi tau o te mahi me te tiaki korehau ā-wā. I raro i ngā āhuatanga ratonga rite, ka hiahia pea ētahi pūnaha korehau pūmau tuku iho ki te nekehia anō i te wheketere.

Ngā wāhanga i tua atu i te paipa tonu

Kāore te mahi a tētahi pūnaha whakawhiti cryogenic e whakatauhia ana e te wāhanga paipa tika anake.

Ka taea hoki e ngā takirere, ngā hononga ngāwari, ngā wehewehe ā-wāhanga, me ētahi atu wāhanga te noho hei pūtake nui o te wera mena kāore i te tika te whakamahana.

Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā kakau takirere cryogenic tuku iho te hanga piriti wera ā-rohe.Takirere kua hipokina ki te korehauKa āwhina ngā hoahoa ki te whakaiti i tēnei pānga me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga wera whānui o te pūnaha.

Ngā wehewehe wāhangahe mea nui anō hoki i roto i ngā tono e pā ana te hanganga o te kohu ki te pumau o ngā taputapu o raro. I roto i ngā pūnaha hauwai me te LNG, mā te pupuri i te pumau o te tuku wai ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te rerekētanga o te mahi me te whakaroa i ngā wā tiaki mō ngā wāhanga tairongo.

I roto i ngā pūnaha hau ahumahi tohatoha, ka honoa ngā ngongo korehau ngāwari me ngā ngongo itingā tāke rokiroki kua whakamahanahia ki te korehauka taea hoki te whakahaere i te tāutanga kia rite ki ngā whakatakotoranga paipa tino mārō, inā koa mēnā he herenga wāhi, he nekehanga taputapu rānei.

Tauira mai i tētahi tāutanga LNG makuku

I roto i tētahi kaupapa i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia, i whakauruhia ngā paipa whakawhiti LNG ki te taha o ngā wāhi uta taraka i roto i tētahi taiao takutai makuku nui. I whakamahia e te pūnaha taketake ngā paipa whakamahana-huka.

I roto i te wā, nā te maha o ngā wā i pāngia ai te whare e te makuku, ka heke te kounga o te whakamahana me te mahi tiaki tonu. E ai ki te kaiwhakahaere, ko te whakakapinga whakamahana me te mahi e pā ana ki tēnā he utu nui tonu i te wā e whakahaerehia ana te tipu.

I muri mai ka whakahoutia te pūnaha ki ngā paipa whakamātao korehau me ngā huihuinga ngongo whakamātao korehau ngāwari e honoa ana ki tētahi pūnaha tiaki korehau pokapū.

I muri i te whakapai ake, i tino whakaitihia ngā whakaritenga tiaki e pā ana ki te whakamahana, ā, i pai ake te haere tonu o te mahi. Ahakoa i nui ake te haumitanga tuatahi i hiahiatia mō te pūnaha whakamahana korehau, i whakatau te kaiwhakahaere he iti ake ngā utu whakahaere me te tiaki mō te wā roa i roto i te wā ratonga e matapaetia ana.

Te aromatawai i te utu katoa, kaua ko te utu hoko anake

Mō ngā tīma hokohoko, mā te aromatawai noa i te utu taputapu o te rā tuatahi ka kore e taea te whakaatu i tētahi pikitia kāore i oti mō te ōhanga whānui o te pūnaha.

I roto i ngā whakamahinga cryogenic maha, ka pā tika te turuturu wera whakaemi i roto i ngā tau mahi ki te pūngao me te utu hua. Ka kitea nuitia te rerekētanga i te pikinga ake o te tawhiti whakawhiti me ngā hāora mahi.

Kua hangaia ā mātou pūnaha kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga a te ASME B31.3 me te EN 13458.Paipa whakamahana korehauKei te wātea ngā wāhanga i roto i ngā whirihoranga maitai kore waikura 304 me te 316L, me te utu whakawhanui kua hangaia mō te huringa wera auau.Ngongo ngāwarika taea hoki te whirihora i ngā huihuinga mō ngā tono pēhanga mahi teitei ake i runga i ngā whakaritenga o te kaupapa.

Ka rerekē te mahi tuturu me te hokinga mai o te haumitanga mai i tētahi kaupapa ki tētahi kaupapa, koia te take ko te tātaritanga wera me ahu mai i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere tūturu kaua i ngā whakapae māmā noa iho.

Ina e tika tonu ana te whakamahana tikanga

He kōwhiringa whaitake tonu te whakamahi i te whakamarumaru tikanga i ētahi wā.

Mō ngā rere paipa poto rawa, mō ngā tāutanga rangitahi, mō te mahi wā poto rānei me te iti o te whakamahinga ia tau, kāore pea te utu tāpiri mō te whakamarumaru korehau e tika i ngā wā katoa mō te taha ōhanga.

Heoi, mō ngā hanganga tuturu me te ratonga cryogenic tonu, mahi nui rānei, he pai ake ngā pūnaha whakamahana korehau ina arotakehia puta noa i te huringa mahi katoa.